Other Stuff
其他文法 (想不到名字)
假設語氣
General Rules:
未來
現在式
will
現在
過去式
would/ could/ might
過去
過去完成式
would/ could/ might have p.p.
A. if
If I had money now, I would buy the car immediately.
If I had had enough time then, I might have accomplished the task.
If I had accomplished the task at that time, I wouldn't be to blame now.
If Sam had been driving more carefully, he wouldn't have been killed in the accident.
If James stopped insulting me, I wouldn't fight with him.
If you hadn't spoken ill of Amy, she wouldn't have been so annoyed.
If I had the money, I would go abroad for traveling.
If I were billionaire, I would still live a simple life. -> Were I a billionaire, I would still live a simple life.
If I had had enough time, I would have attained the end I had in view. -> Had I had enough time, I would have attained the end I had in view.
If the sun were to rise in the west, the impossible would be possible. (與真理相反的假設)
If there should be a fire, do not panic. -> Should there be a fire, do not panic. (「萬一」的假設與倒裝)
What would you do if you should fail to enter the dream college of yours? (「萬一」的假設)
B. Wish
I wish you were here now.
I wish we had met each other ten years ago.
I wish I could attend your wedding tomorrow.
I wished I hadn't failed the English exam yesterday.
I wish I could win much money in the lottery tomorrow.
Adam wishes that he didn't make the mistake.
Adam wished that he had been offered the job.
C. As if
The lady smiled at me as if she had known me for many years.
Bruce rushed to me as if to tell me something important.
D. But for/ Without/ If only
But for: But for the income, Tom would not be able to pay the rent.
Without: Without his help yesterday, I wouldn't have succeeded.
If only (用在未來時，會用would): If only he had written his homework yesterday. / If only I were rich. / If only it would stop raining.
分詞構句
使用分詞構句時，除了「獨立分詞構句」外，其他的狀況下句子前後主詞需一致。
A. 將對等句簡化成分詞構句
She opened the washer door, and she put her laundry in. -> She opened the washer door, putting her laundry in.
I stood on top of the mountain, and I was fascinated by the sea of clouds. -> I stood on top of the mountain, fascinated by the sea of clouds.
Papua's glaciers have shrunk by 85% to a mere 0.5 square kilometers, and Papua's glaciers will completely disappear within a decade. → Having shrunk by 85% to a mere 0.5 square kilometers, Papua's glaciers will completely disappear within a decade.
B. 將副詞子句簡化成分詞構句
When the thief saw the policeman, he ran away. -> Seeing the policeman, the thief ran away.
Because he has failed math twice, he fears this subject above all others. -> Having failed math twice, he fears this subject above all others.
As the man was hungry and tired, he couldn't walk any further. -> (Being) hungry and tired, he couldn't walk any further.
Because he didn't know what to do, he asked his parents for help. -> Not knowing what to do, he asked his parents for help.
Since he hasn't finished his homework, he is not allowed to watch TV. → Not having finished (Having not finished) his homework, he isn't allowed to watch TV.
被女友拋棄後，John開始思考自己的人生目標 → Having been abandoned by his girlfriend, John started to think about his goal of life.
C. 獨立分詞構句
用在前後主詞不一致時，主要子句用正常的方式書寫，附屬子句則需用分詞構句。
When the sun has risen, the farmers start to work. -> The sun having risen, the farmers start to work.
If the weather permits, we will go on a picnic tomorrow. -> The weather permitting, we will go on a picnic tomorrow.
D. 練習
Alison sat on the sofa ________ (play) with her dolls.
When ________ (ask) if I smoke, I told him that I am a heavy smoker.
________ (Shock) at the news of her son's death, Susan shouted and screamed, tears ________ (roll) down her cheeks.
________ (Judge) from his face, he is very upset.
He has done pretty well so far ________ (give) that he is only a rookie on the team.
________ the only daughter in her family, she has been pampered by her father and brothers. (A) She is (B) Be (C) To be (D) Being
Choose the CORRECT sentence. (A) Sally waved goodbye to us, with tears ran down her cheeks. (B) Tina looked at me with her eyes filled with tears. (C) A middle-aged man is jogging along the river, with a dog followed him. (D) Mom is sitting on the bed, with her eyes closing.
________ a fine day, Time and his wife went out for a walk. (A) It being (B) Being (C) As it is (D) As being
________ across the table, she was terrified and couldn't help bursting into tears. (A) Seeing the cockroach ran (B) When she seeing the cockroach running (C) Seeing the cockroach run (D) Seeing running
________ with Jane's term paper, professor Wang asked her to rewrite it. (A) Not satisfying (B) Having not satisfied (C) Not satisfied (D) Being not satisfying
各種關係
關係代名詞
A. 限定 vs. 非限定
My brother who is studying in Tainan is very tall. (限定，代表不只一個brother)
They plan to go to Paris, which is the capital of France. (只有一個，非限定)
B. , which 指設一整件事情
They had to wait for over an hour, which annoyed them very much.
C. 當關係代名詞遇到不定量詞
I read four English novels during this summer vacation. Three of them were written by J.K. Rowling. -> I read four English novels during this summer vacation, three of which were written by J.K. Rowling.
Mr. and Mrs. Bennet have five daughters. None of them is married. -> Mr. and Mrs. Bennet have five daughters, none of whom is married.
關係副詞
The factory was burned down. I used to work in it. -> The factory where I used to work was burned down.
I can clearly remember the good old days. We studied and had fun together in those days. -> I can clearly remember the good old days when we studied and had fun together.
I don't know the reason she is crying. -> I don't know why she is crying.
I don't like the way he dealt with the crisis. -> I don't like how he dealt with the crisis.
複合關係代名詞 (the thing which -> what)
All you can do is calm down and wait. -> What you can do is calm down and wait.
Do you understand the things that he said? -> Do you understand what he said?
That 的使用時機
先行詞有形容詞最高級時 This is the most interesting book that I have ever read.
先行詞為 all, anything, everything, nothing, something There is nothing that can be done to solve the problem.
先行詞有人+動物 The man and the dog that are coming toward me are both my friends.
有疑問詞 who/ which Who is the man that is sitting over there?
練習
Many more people ________ were invited showed up at the party. That's ________ there was not enough food to go around. (A) than; the way (B) than; why (C) that; the way (D) that; why
Are you sure the man ________ a green tie and a big red hat is our new teacher? (A) who wearing (B) wears (C) wearing (D) wore
________ you may have noticed, that website has been removed because it contained too much violence. (A) What (B) As (C) That (D) Which
Once used, the bags are sealed and stored for the flight back to the earth, ________ they are discarded. (A) where (B) what (C) which (D) whether
My best friend, Jay, is a person ________ I can share my secrets (A) with whom (B) to whom (C) whom (D) with that
I don't know ________ he is afraid of. (A) which (B) that (C) how (D) what
I don't like the way ________ he presented his ideas. He could have done better. (A) how (B) X (C) which (D) in that
My English tutor asked me to read the first four chapters of this book, ________ are about genetic engineering. (A) two of which (B) two of them (C) and two of which (D) two
代名詞
A. one/ ones/ another/ other/ others/ the other/ the others
A new car is more expensive than an old one. I think old friends are more important than new ones.
This skirt is a little dirty. Could I have another one? Time is not enough. I need another two days to finish this project.
Some people like dogs, but other people like cats.
Some people like dogs, but others like cats.
Mr. Wang has two sons. One is a doctor, and the other is a teacher.
Only Tom got good grades, but the others (= the other students) in his class didn't.
B. Each vs. every
each強調「個別」，every強調「整體」 Each bedroom has its own bathroom. (每一間臥室) Every student has to pass the GEPT before graduation. (所有的學生)
each可為代名詞，every不可為代名詞 Each of us has a locker. = Every one of us has a locker.
each：2個，every：3個以上 She has a tattoo on each of her feet. Cars of every kind are on display.
every的其他用法 Gina visits her grandparents every two weeks. Angela goes to the supermarket every other day (每隔一天). Not every student pays attention in class. (部分否定)
C. That/ those
The pace of life in a big city is much faster than that in the country. The leaves of this tree are greener than those of that tree.
I keep a golden retriever and a Chihuahua; that (= the former) requires more care than this (= the latter).
D. 虛受詞
S + believe/ think/ consider/ find/ feel/ hold/ deem/ make/ take it adj/N ...
I think it wrong to cheat on your wife.
The teacher thinks it a pity that John dropped out of school.
E. 列舉用法
A successful person has three qualities. One is confidence. Another is perseverance. The other is courage.
Some people work for ideals, while some/ others work for money.
F. 練習
Ways of making gestures are different from one culture to ________. (A) the other (B) other (C) another (D) others
In English-speaking areas, people need two hands to communicate the number "six," five fingers on one and the thumb of ________. (A) another (B) others (c) the other (D) the others
Many people fail to do what they preach. They tend to say one thing and do ________. (A) other (B) others (C) the other (D) another
Some people are building houses, and ________ are working in factories. (A) another (B) others (C) the others (D) the rest
Concerning climate, Taiwan can be divided into two areas. One is in the tropical Zone ________ is in the Subtropical Zone. (A) another (B) other (C) , the other (D) , and the other
Check out the pictures in this letter. Aren't they great, especially ________ of me and Father on the beach? (A) it (B) this (C) the one (D) the other
Jane: Isn't Mike cute? Tracy: You mean ________ sitting on the bench? (A) one (B) it (C) the one (D) ones
A man's voice is deeper than ________ of a woman. (A) this (B) that (C) it (D) what
I find ________ necessary to study a lesson before my teacher lectures on it. (A) this (B) that (C) it (D) its
從屬連接詞
Wh-ever = no matter wh- 無論
No matter who (= Whoever) breaks the rule, he or she should be punished.
No matter how (= However) busy you were, you should made a phone call to your wife.
no matter wh- = any... that 複合關係代名詞(先行詞+關係代名詞)
I don't care anything that (= whatever) you say.
Anyone who (= Whoever) may say so is not trustworthy.
Whether 不論、不管
Whether his advice works or not (= Whether or not his advice works), I will give it a try. (or not 在這裡不可以省略)
Whether the answer is right or not (= Whether or not the answer is right), it doesn't matter at all. (or not 在這裡不可以省略)
whether 引導名詞子句、當作主詞、受詞或補語時，or not 可以省略。 I don't know whether the answer is correct (or not).
分詞片語：形容詞子句可以簡化成分詞片語
The movie is about a scientist who won the Nobel Prize. → The movie is about a scientist winning the Nobel Prize.
Some people who are infected with the virus look and feel healthy, but still can pass it to others. → Some people infected with the virus look and feel healthy, but still can pass it to others.
Starting from April 2017, the pills were placed in 40 bird feeders that were installed throughout the city. → Starting from April 2017, the pills were placed in 40 bird feeders installed throughout the city.
當使用分詞片語的時候，只要記住一個大原則，基本上就能活用這個文法了：想要省略的部分，原先是主動→分詞片語是ing；原先是被動→分詞片語是ed。
To 的各種用法
A. 不定詞當受詞補語
S + advise / desire / expect / wish / want / tell / ask / get / bid / compel / force / order / command / encourage / inspire / motivate / remind / persuade / warn / allow / cause / enable / teach / invite + O + O.C.
He warned us not to get close to the fierce dog.
Laws during that time allowed crews to kill the sharks, after which they sold the sharks.
She also urged Rejoice to return to school and arranged a Malala scholarship for her.
B. 不定詞當主詞補語
When Debra went home, it seemed that someone had broken into the house. → When Debra went home, someone seemed to have broken into the house.
C. ..., only to + V 僅僅為了；沒想到竟會
We drove for hours to the amusement park, only to find it closed for maintenance. (結果卻發現他正在維護中沒有營業)
D. To 當介系詞 + N/ Ving
反對 be opposed to = object to 習慣於 be used to = be accustomed to = adapt (oneself) to = adjust (oneself) to 致力於 devote oneself to = dedicate oneself to = commit oneself to = be devoted to = be dedicated to 除了 in addition 期盼 look forward to 注意 attend to = pay attention to = be attentive to 較喜歡 prefer N/ Ving to N/ Ving 提到 when it comes to 為了 with a view to = with an eye to
We all like Tom because he is used to speaking well of others.
Tony's parents objected to his going abroad, but in vain. (這裡可以視his going abroad為一整個東西，這樣會比較好理解)
E. 練習
My sister ate less and exercised more in order ________ (lose) weight.
Mr. and Mrs. Lin invited us ________ (celebrate) their parent's birthday at a fancy restaurant.
Carl is quiet and gently in my class. He seems ________ (be) a nice boy.
To hang out with some of my classmates ________ (be) fun and delightful.
I know I have to attend the meeting, but I'm not sure when ________ (show) up.
The class leader advised ________ (talk) quietly so that we wouldn't disturb the students in other classrooms.
________ (meet) the deadline, the team worked very hard on the project.
Anyone who is willing ________ (help) children with homework can sign up for the voluntary program.
Kevin is good at photographing and painting. He seems ________ art in college years ago. (A) to study (B) to be studying (C) to have studied (D) to studying
Larry woke up early ________ arriving at the airport by 7 a.m. (A) in order to (B) so as to (C) to (D) with a view to
特殊動詞
A. Help + O + (to) + VR
Charging people for new plastic bags sometimes helps reduce their use, but many shoppers just pay the costs and keep wasting plastic.
B. 連綴動詞 + adj / 連綴動詞 + like + N
Tina usually feels sleepy because she goes to bed very late.
Everything goes wrong.
C. 授與動詞
May I ask a question of you? → May I ask you a question?
I sent the letter to Dad. (我把信寄給了Dad)
I sent the letter for Dad. (我幫Dad送信)
I paid Jim one thousand dollars for his painting. → Jim was paid one thousand dollars for his painting. = One thousand dollars was paid (by me) to Jim for his painting.
D. 使役動詞
Mom always makes me do my homework first after school.
I had the tree at the door cut (被動).
His wife's unconditional love makes him a better person.
I'll get the luggage ready in thirty minutes.
E. 感官動詞 + O. + Ving / VR / p.p.
I saw John eating dinner with his girlfriend when I passed by the restaurant.
I saw the car stolen by a young man.
Everybody heard John sing a song to his wife. -> John was heard to sing / singing a song to his wife.
F. 練習
________ at that time? He looked very happy when he knew his daughter was going to be married. (A) What did Mr. William look (B) What did Mark watch (C) What did Kevin look for (D) How did Mr. North look
Some teachers ________ their students to keep studying all the time. (選錯的) (A) asked (B) wanted (C) made (D) got
The cold weather ________ the leaves ________ yellow. They look so ________. (A) made; turned; cold (B) make; turning; pretty (C) made; to turn; beauty (D) makes; turn; beautiful
When I was waiting for my bus, I saw the man ________ the bus, and noticed him ________ the young lady's purse. (A) got on; take away (B) get on; take away (C) getting on; taken away (D) got on; took away
不定代名詞
A. 不定代名詞可用作主詞、主詞補語、受詞或同位語
Many were invited to the lunch but only few showed up.
Give a registration card to each.
B. all, any, more, most, none, some
這些不定代名詞使用單數或複數動詞，視句子語意而定。
All the cake is gone.
All the girls in my class are smart.
C. nothing / anything / everything + but
Paul wants nothing but pizza. (Paul只想要披薩)
Give Paul anything but pizza. (給Paul任何東西，但不要披薩)
Paul will eat everything but pizza. (除了披薩，Paul會把一切吃掉)
D. other
other後面的名詞通常是不可數名詞或複數名詞。other後面若是跟著單數名詞，則other前面必須要有另一個限定詞。
"Gone with the Wind" has sold some 28 million copies in 27 languages, more than any other book but the Bible. (任何其他的書)
There are other ways to solve this problem.
We want to make sure something like this doesn't happen to some other student. (某個學生)
E. the other / others / the others / another
My uncle has four kids. One of them is a boy and the others are girls.
John held the racquet in one hand and the ball in the other.
Would you like another cup of tea?
Your opinion about what is right for you doesn't mean that it is right for others.
I saw eight sweaters. There are red, and five are blue. = I saw eight sweaters. Three are red, and the others are blue. = I saw eight sweaters. Some of the sweaters are red and the others are blue. = I saw eight sweaters. Some of them are red and the others are blue.
I saw four sweaters. One is red, another is blue, another is white, and the other is green.
F. still another / still others
範圍不限定：The MRT is full of passengers this morning. Some are looking at their phones, others are sleeping, and still others are staring out the window.
範圍不限定：There are many workers in the office. One is searching for information online, another is making phone calls to the clients, and still another is typing her report.
範圍限定：There's a group of students at the zoo today. Some of them look excited, others seem bored, and the others are taking pictures with their phones.
G. 其他
They call each other every other day. (每隔一天)
Peter would throw out words one after another. (一個接一個)
Some other design may be better.
This bag is leaking. Please give me another one.
It is hard to tell the twin brothers one from the other.
You shouldn't expect others to do your work for you.
形容詞
A. 複合形容詞
複合形容詞千變萬化，不過大部分題目或寫作文會用到的類型大概就是以下幾種，可以先熟悉這些基本的複合形容詞。
adj-Ned 形式：前面是形容詞(不含數量詞)，後面是名詞，則名詞加ed
A red-haired girl
A good-tempered teacher
...-Ving / ...-p.p. + N. 形式：這種複合形容詞是由原本的句子改寫而成，只要將句子還原，判斷N.和V.之間的關係為主動或被動，就可以知道寫成複合形容詞時要用Ving或p.p.
A car-making plant：plant makes cars (主動)
home-made cookies：cookies are made at home (被動)
A fast-moving typhoon：typhoon moves fast (主動)
A newly-built bridge：bridge is newly built (被動)
Highly-paid jobs：jobs are paid highly (被動)
Eye-catching banners：banners catch eyes (主動)
A heart-breaking story：story breaks heart (主動)
A highly-praised student：student is praised highly (被動)
前面接數量的複合形容詞：不管數量是多少，後面的量詞都是用單數形式，要背是用哪個量詞
A 1000-foot building
A 12-year-old student
A ten-story building (
ten-floor)
其他複合形容詞：看到就背，把一串字全部串在一起強行變成形容詞，強調效果很充足
An all-you-can-eat restaurant：吃到飽餐廳
His I-don't-know-anything expression：他的「我什麼都不知道」的表情
B. 當主詞補語的形容詞
afraid / alike / alive / alone / asleep / awake / aware / ashamed
The baby is asleep. The boy is alive.
C. Adj.當受詞捕語：make / leave / keep / find + O + O.C.
O.C.為adj.
Don't keep your mouth full of food. (mouth is full)
His speech left everyone speechless. (everyone was speechless)
Leave the window open. (window is open)
I find so many cockroaches dead on the floor. (cockroaches are dead)
O.C.為Ving
The worker keeps the machine running for 20 hours. (the machine runs)
The story leaves everyone crying. (everyone cries)
Smelling the bread, the man finds his mouth watering. (his mouth waters)
John found some water dripping from the leafy roof. (water drips)
O.C. 為pp
It's important to keep the facilities on the campus maintained well. (the facilities are maintained)
He was surprised to find so many ants killed in a night. (ants were killed)
We keep the house beautifully decorated. (the house is decorated)
The explanation of our math teacher left us even more confused. (we were confused)
D. 數量形容詞
修飾可數N
A great number of / Quite a few / A great many / A large number of / Many fans went to the concert last Sunday.
Many fans go ... = Many a fan goes ...
修飾不可數N
My father spent a great deal of money / a large amount of money / a large sum of money (a large sum of 只能接 money) buying a new house in Taipei.
可數不可數N皆可修飾
We have lots of / a lot of problems to deal with.
Plenty of / A quantity of fish are swimming happily in the pond.
A wealth of knowledge / information / opportunities. (接正面的東西)
比較句型
A. as + adj + as + adj / as + adv + as + adv：既...又...
The landlord is as selfish as stingy. 這房東既自私又小氣
He calculates the answer as fast as accurately. 他計算答案既快又準確
B. as + adj/adv + as / as + adj + a(an) N + as：和...一樣
He studies as hard as Tom (does).
I am as tall as you (are).
She is as hardworking a student as Jenny (is).
Jimmy is as skillful an aviator as Jason (is).
C. as + 原級 + as + S + can / as + 原級 + as possible：盡量...
When texting messages, we should use as simple words as possible. 傳簡訊時，應盡量用簡單的字詞
Please run as fast as you can. 請盡量跑快一點
D. 倍數 as adj/adv as A / 倍數 more adj/adv than A / 倍數 the N of A：...倍
My room is three times as large as yours. = My room is three times larger than yours. = My room is triple the size of yours. 我的房間是你的房間的三倍大。
This limousine is two times as large as a general car. = This limousine is two times larger than a general car. = This limousine is twice the size of a general car. 這部加長型禮車是一般汽車的兩倍長
E. the more..., the more... / the + 比較級, the + 比較級：越...，越...
The better English you speak, the easier it will be for you to travel abroad.
The more time you spend on studying, the more scores you will get in the exam.
F. younger (older) than sb by ... years / senior (junior) to sb by ... years：比...小(大)...歲
My father is younger than my mother by three years.
My brother is senior to me by two years.
G. 易混淆的比較級
no more ... than 與...一樣不 (= not…any more than) / no less ... than 與...一樣是
I am no more a god than you (are). 我和你一樣不是神
He is no more mad than we are. 他和我們一樣不瘋
The whale is no less a mammal than the horse. 鯨魚和馬一樣是哺乳類動物
Mary is no less beautiful than her sister, Helen. Mary跟她姊姊Helen一樣漂亮
no more than ... 只不過；只有、僅有(= only) / no less than ... 多達；不下...之多
He has no more than 5 dollars. 他只有5塊錢
She is no more than a secretary. 她只不過是一名秘書而已
There are no less than 50 students in our class. 我們班上的學生不下50人
not more ... than 不像 … 那樣；不到 … 的程度；not less ... than 像 … 那樣；到 … 的程度
I am not more foolish than you. 我不像你那麼笨
I am not less young than you are. 我和你一樣年輕
not more than 不多於；至多 (= at most) / not less than 不少於；至少 (= at least)
She spent not more than 10 dollars. 他最多花了10塊錢
I have not less than 60 kilograms. 我至少有60公斤
All the more 更加 / none the less 絲毫不減、依舊 / more or less 差不多、幾乎、或多或少
The living room is decorated in pale colors that make it all the more clean. 客廳以淺色調裝飾，顯得更加乾淨
Although she made a lot of trouble, her parents loved her none the less. 她惹了這麼多麻煩，但她父母對她的愛絲毫不減
We had more or less finished, so we decided to go for lunch. 我們差不多已經完成了，所以我們決定去吃午餐。
It should cost you about £100, more or less. 它應該花費你大約 100 英鎊，或多或少
H. much / still / even / far / a lot + 比較級 than (比好更好、比多更多)
He is much more handsome than Jim. 他遠比Jim帥氣多了
The proposal is even better than the previous one. 這個提案遠比上一個好
Today is a lot colder than yesterday. 今天遠比昨天冷
John's idea is far better and more practical than yours. John的想法比你的好得多也實際得多
This math problem is still easier than the next one. 這個數學問題遠比下一個簡單
I. By far + the + 最高級 顯然地 / way too adv/介係詞/比較級 遠比...更
This is by far the best steak I've ever eaten. 這顯然是我吃過最好吃的牛排
The price is way too expensive than we can afford. 這價格遠超過我們所能負擔的
The test was way too hard for me. 這個考試對我來說太困難了
J. the 比較級(用在兩物體間)
Michael is the stronger of the two. Michael是兩人之間較高的那個
When you compare summer with winter, winter is often the colder. 當你比較夏天和冬天，冬天往往是較冷的那個
K. 其他用法(多看多背)
as sly as a fox 狡猾
as busy as a bee 忙碌
as proud as a peacock 驕傲、自大
as stubborn as a mule 倔強
as quiet as a mouse 安靜
as happy as a lark 開心
as sick as a dog 生病
L. 練習題
The test was ________ easier than the last one. (A) very (B) much (C) more (D) so
I have ________ as he does. I'm not lonely at all. (A) more good friends (B) as many good friends (C) good friends as many (D) as much good friends
Her speaking skill is ________ that of other contestants'. She can easily win first place in the speech contest. (A) superior than (B) better to (C) superior to (D) good than
Jack is ________ the smartest student in our class. (A) ever (B) much (C) a lot (D) by far
________ you study, ________ you are to succeed. (A) The harder; the likely (B) The hard; the more likely (C) The harder; the more likely (D) The hard; the likely
代名詞的句型
A. some ..., and others ... (不特定) / some of the ..., and the others ... (特定)
Some of the students in the class major in science, some major in mathematics, and the others major in English. 這個班的學生有些主修科學，有些主修數學，其他的主修英文
Some websites are very educational, while some are not. 有些網站很有教育意義，有些則不是
B. each other (二者之間) / one another (三者以上)
Tom and Paul had never talked with each other after a fierce quarrel.
All the girls talk with one another happily.
C. one ..., and the other(s) ... / one ..., another ..., and the other(s) ... / one ..., another ..., still another ..., and the other(s) ...
She has two friends. One is Mary, and the other one is Jessica.
He has three sons. One is a junior high school teacher, another one is a salesman, and the other one is a baseball coach.
Johnny has four girlfriends. One is short, another is tall, still another is fat, and the other is slim.
There are three bikes in my house. One is mine, and the others are my brother's.
D. the former ..., and the latter ...
There are roses and tulips in the vase. I like the former than the latter.
Health is above wealth, but many people pursue the latter and neglect the former.
There are two dolls. The former is mine, and the latter is my sister's.
E. on the one hand ...; on the other hand ...
On the one hand, he got straight A on all subjects; on the other hand, he showed a very humble attitude toward his academic performance.
F. that of ... (單數或不可數) / those of ... (複數)
Taipei's population is larger than that of Kaohsiung. (單數)
The bikes over there look older than those of yours. (複數)
G. 介係詞 + 反身代名詞
He has kept the secret to himself for many years. 他隱瞞這個祕密多年 (keep sth. to oneself)
I felt not myself this morning. 我今天早上覺得不太舒服
Knowing that his son had stolen his classmate's cellphone, John was beside himself with anger. 當他知道他的兒子偷同學的手機，John氣得發狂 (be beside oneself with anger)
Money in itself isn't evil at all. 金錢本身並不邪惡
Should 的特殊句型
It's weird that Paul (should) lie to his parents. 竟然；居然
Should it snow in Taiwan, we could go outside for a snow fight. 萬一
It's vital that Tom (should) study hard to get good scores. He strongly recommends that we (should) go to this restaurant.
Please keep quiet lest you (should) interrupt your brother while he's studying. 以免
連接詞
A. 對等連接詞
and / or 和祈使句連用
Tell me you don't love me, and I won't bother you again. (然後)
Run faster, or the police will catch us. (否則)
nor / neither
My father is not interested in baseball, nor is he interested in soccer. (nor 前面不用 and)
I won't go to the ball, and neither will my friend. (neither 前面要用 and 連接) I won't go to the ball, and my friend won't, either. (如果前面已經有否定詞，就要改用either)
both A and B ... + V：直接加複數動詞
Both Andy and I are fans of Harry Potter.
A as well as / together with / along with B + VA：強調的是A，動詞型態跟著A
The coach as well as the players is very excited about the coming championship.
not only A but (also) B / not A but B / either A or B / neither A nor B + VB：強調的是B，動詞型態跟著B
Either Wendy or my parents walk my dog when I am away.
B. 表"到了...的時候了"的連接詞句型
By the time S Ved, S had p.p. / By 過去時間, S had p.p.
By the time I returned home, the kids had fallen asleep.
By last weekend, I had finished my project.
By the time S V, S will have p.p. / By 未來時間, S will have p.p.
I think by the time I arrive at my grandma's house, she will have prepared a big deal for me.
By tomorrow, Andy will have left for Europe.
C. 表"直到.../直到...才..."的連接詞句型
S + V ... until ... 肯定句 (可持續的動作) -> 一直...直到...
Allen waited in his car until his girlfriend finished buying things. (一直等，直到)
I studied until 2 a.m. yesterday. (一直讀書，直到)
S not V ... until 否定句 (非持續的動作) -> 一直沒有...直到...
My brother didn't go to bed until he had finished the report. (一直沒有睡覺，直到)
I didn't stop studying until 2 a.m. yesterday. (一直沒有停止讀書，直到)
D. 表"條件"的連接詞
I can lend you my car if / in case / on condition that / provided (that) / providing (that) / suppose (that) / supposing (that) you return it tomorrow.
E. 練習題
Give me your money, ________ I'll kill you. (A) and (B) so (C) or (D) nor
The soup is not as tasty as I thought, and ________ is the main dish. (A) so (B) such (C) either (D) neither
My elder brother together with my parents ________ in Italy. (A) lives (B) live (C) are living (D) have lived
Not you but I ________ the person who is responsible for the accident. (A) am (B) are (C) is (D) were
By the time the fire engine arrived, the factory ________ down. (A) burned (B) was burning (C) has burned (D) had been burned
John didn't leave the office ________ he had finished his work. (A) until (B) nor (C) since (D) by the time
助動詞
A. 對過去事實肯定的猜測
Where was Amy this morning? She must have been in the library. (當時一定) She might / may / could have been in the library. (當時可能)
B. 對過去事實否定的猜測
Was Amy at home this morning? She can't / couldn't have been at home. (當時不可能) She may / might not have been at home. (當時也許不在)
C. 用助動詞表達與過去事實相反
You could have told me the truth. (你當時大可以跟我說實話的)
I shouldn't have listened / should have not listened to that liar. (我當下不該聽信那個騙子的)
D. S + may / might well + VR 有可能、有充分理由
You may / might well be angry with me. (你有充分的理由生我的氣)
E. S + may / might as well + VR 倒不如
It's starting to rain now. We may / might as well stay home and watch TV. (倒不如在家看電視)
F. need / dare
The clerk doesn't need to say sorry. = The clerk need not say sorry.
I don't dare (to) joke with my math teacher. = I dare not joke with my math teacher.
G. Should 竟然、萬一
It's unbelievable that Jane should fall in love with Jack. (竟然)
If the typhoon should get stronger, we will have a day off tomorrow. (萬一)
H. 其他整理
used to
過去經常做 ... / 過去狀態
John used to be a teacher before he retired.
should / ought to / had better
應該 / 最好
If you don't want to get into trouble, you had better listen to me.
could
能夠、請求、可能(表猜測)
Be careful. The dog could be dangerous.
may
許可、祝福
May you live happily ever after!
might / could / may / might have + p.p.
過去猜測
I might have left my keys in the car. (可能)
can't / couldn't / may not / might not have + p.p.
過去猜測
My son couldn't have lied to me. (不可能對我說謊)
would / should / could / might have + p.p.
與過去事實相反
I should have been more careful. How careless I was!
常用的副詞子句類型
表「原因」副詞子句：因為...所以...
S + V ... because + S + V ... = Because + S + V ..., S + V ... S + V ..., so S + V ... Since / As + S + V ..., S + V ...
Mr. Hill went home empty-handed because the grocery store was closed. 因為雜貨店打烊了，所以Mr. Hill雙手空空的回家。 Because of the knee injury, she could hardly walk. 因為膝蓋受傷，她幾乎無法走路。
表「讓步」副詞子句：雖然...但是...
Though / Although + S + V ..., S + V ... S + V ..., but S + V ... N. / adj. / adv + as + S + V ..., S + V ...
Disabled as he is, he still looks on the bright side of life. 雖然他的肢體殘障，但他仍樂觀看待人生。 Young as he is, he is competent for the job. 他雖然年輕，但能力足以勝任這個職務。
表「讓步」副詞子句：無論...、不管...
Wh疑問詞ever + S + V ..., S + V ... no matter wh疑問詞 + S + V ..., S + V ...
No matter whose son you are, I cannot make an exception of you. 無論你是誰的兒子，我都一視同仁。 No matter how difficult this thing is, I'll stick with it. 不管這件是多麼困難，我都會堅持到底。
表「讓步」副詞子句：無論A或B...
Whether A or B, S + V ...
Whether it's rain or shine, she goes to visit her grandma every day. 無論晴雨，她每天都去探望祖母。 Whether her parents agree or not, she insists on going camping with her classmates. 無論父母同不同意，她都堅持要跟同學一起去露營。
表「雖然」介詞片語：雖然、儘管
despite / in spite of / for all / with all + N. / Ving
With all / For all his efforts, he fails to live up to his family's expectations. 雖然他很努力，卻未能達到家人對他的期望。 Despite failing over and over again, he never feels disheartened. 他雖一再失敗，卻不灰心。
表「肯定目的」介詞片語：為了...以便...
S + V ... so that / in order that + S + may / can + V ... for the purpose of / with a view to / with an eye to / with the aim of N. / Ving
Jack visited the U.S. with a view to learning English. 為了學好英文，Jack到美國去了。 He subscribed to several newspapers and magazines so that he could keep up with the times. 為了跟得上時代，他訂閱幾份報紙及雜誌。
表「目的」不定詞片語：為了(目的)，而做了...
S + V ... in order to / so as to / to + V To / In order to + V ..., S + V ...
She tiptoed into the room so as not to wake her roommate up. In order to support his family, he moonlights as a taxi driver.
表「否定目的」副詞子句：唯恐...、以免...
S + V ... lest / for fear (that) / in case (that) + S + (should) VR ... for fear of / in case of + N. / Ving
He kept his voice down lest he should disturb his roommate. 他降低音量，唯恐吵到室友。 For fear of bumping into a traffic jam, she took a detour. 唯恐碰上塞車，她繞路走。
表「結果」副詞子句：如此...、以至於...
S + V ... so + adj. + (a) + (N.) + that S + V ... S + V ... so + adv. + that S + V ... S + V ... such + (a + adj.) + N. + that S + V ...
He spoke so eloquently that we were convinced. 他說話如此滔滔不絕，所以我們都相信了他。 The movie is so hilarious that every audience in the cinema is laughing happily. 這部電影如此爆笑，電影院內所有的觀眾都笑得很開心。
表「條件」副詞子句：如果...
If S + V ..., S + V ... Provided / Providing / Suppose / Supposing (that) + S + V ..., S + V ...
The ceremony will be held in the stadium if it rains. 如果下雨，典禮將該在體育館舉行。 Supposing that there's any registered letter for us, the mailman will ring the doorbell at the door. 如果有掛號信給我們，郵差就會在門口按一下鈴。
表「條件」副詞子句
As long as / So long as + S + V ..., S + V ... 只要... Unless + S + V ..., S + V ... 除非...
As long as we use them cautiously, the advantages brought by the credit cards will outweigh the disadvantages. 只要我們小心使用，信用卡帶來的好處會比壞處多。 You won't pass the exam unless you try harder. 除非你更努力些，否則你不會通過考試。
表「時間」副詞子句：直到...才...
S + 否定句(not) ... until ... Not until / Only when ... + 倒裝句 ... It is not until ... that S + V ...
Not until you spread your wings will you know how high you can fly. 直到展開翅膀，你才知道自己能飛多高。 It wasn't until the beginning of the 20th century that people became aware of pollution problems. 直到二十世紀初期，人們才注意到污染的問題。
表「時間」副詞子句：一...就...
As soon as / The moment / The minute / The instant + S + V ..., S + V ... On / Upon + Ving, S + V ...
The thief took his heels as soon as he saw the policeman. 那個小偷一看到警察就溜了。 She burst into crying upon hearing the bad news. 她一聽到這壞消息就放聲大哭。
表「時間」副詞子句：一...就...
S + had + hardly / scarcely + p.p. + when / before + S + Ved S + had no sooner + p.p. ... than + S + Ved Hardly / Scarcely + had + S + p.p. ... than S + Ved
No sooner had he crossed the finish line than all the spectators stood up to applaud him. 他一衝過終點線，所有的觀眾都起立為他歡呼。 No sooner had the teacher entered the classroom than the noisy class quieted down immediately. 老師一進教室，喧譁的班級馬上就安靜下來。
表「時間」副詞子句：自從...
It has been + 時間 ... since + S + Ved / 時間 It is + 時間 since + S + Ved / 時間 時間 have passed since + S + Ved / 時間
Tom has been volunteering at this charity since his retirement. Tom從退休後就一直在這家慈善機構擔任志工。 I haven't heard from him since he left for America. 自從他去美國後，我再也沒收到他的消息。
表「時間」副詞子句
When / As / While + S + V ..., S + V ... 當...的時候 Before / After + S + V ..., S + V ... 在...之前 / 之後 Before / After Ving / N., S + V ... 在...之前 / 之後 Once + S + V ..., S + V ... 一旦... It won't be long before + S + V ... 不久之後
Don't count your chickens before they are hatched. 不要打如意算盤。 I was playing games on my phone when the principal suddenly appeared behind me. 我正在用手機玩遊戲時，校長突然出現在我身後。
表「時間」副詞子句
Whenever / Every time + S + V ..., S + V ... 每當... The first time / The next time + S + V ..., S + V ... 第一次... / 下一次... As time goes by, ... 隨著時間的過去...
As time went by, my memory of him became unclear. 隨著時間的過去，我對他的記憶變得模糊。 Whenever he thought about it, he couldn't help laughing. 每當他想到這件事，他就忍不住哈哈大笑。
比較級的相關句型
原級比較
S + V ... as + adj. / adv. + as + S + (V) 和...一樣 S + V ... the same + N. + as + S ... 和...一樣 not so / as + adj. / adv. ... as ... 不同於...
Short as / though James is, he plays basketball as well as any other teammate. 雖然James個子矮小，但籃球打得跟任何一位隊友一樣好。 Josh might not be as smart as Frank, but he's as good a student as him. Josh雖然可能不如Frank聰明，但同樣是好學生。
比較級
比較級形容詞 ... than ... 比...更加... the 比較級形容詞 ... of the two ... 兩個...中比較... (劣等比較) less + 形容詞 ... than ... 不如...那樣的...
This book is the more useful of the two you recommended. 你所推薦的兩本書中，這本比較有用。 The situation is more serious than we expected. 情況比我們原先預期的嚴重。
最高級
The most / -est + ... + N. + in ... / of Ns 比較級形容詞 ... than any other N(單數) / all the other Ns
Mt. Everest is the highest mountain in the world. = Mt. Everest is higher than any other mountain in the world. = Mt. Everest is higher than all the other mountains in the world. Hurricane Katrina has been the biggest and the deadliest natural disaster in America since 1928. Katrina颶風是美國史上自1928年以來最大、死傷最嚴重的天災。
「愈...就愈...」
The 比較級 + S + V ..., the 比較級 + S + V ...
The more haste, the less speed. 欲速則不達。 According to the report, the more you smoke, the more likely you are to get lung cancer. 據報導，菸抽得越多，愈可能得肺癌。
「...愈來愈...」
比較級 and 比較級
After so many failures, he became less and less confident. 經過這麼多次的失敗後，他變得越來越沒有自信。 More and more young people are immersed in online games. 越來越多的年輕人沉迷於網路遊戲中。
倍數比較
S + V ... 倍數詞 + as + adj. / adv. + as ... S + V ... 倍數詞 + the + N. + of ... S + V ... 倍數詞 + 比較級 ... than + ...
Mr. Wang speaks English well. I really wish that I could speak half as well as he does. 王先生的英文說得很好，我真希望我能說得有他一半好。 The price of the new house is three times as high as that of the old apartment. = The price of the new house is three times higher than that of the old apartment. = The price of the new house is three times the price of the old apartment. 這棟新房子的價格是那間舊公寓的三倍。
「如同...一樣」
As + S + V ..., so + S + V ... (亦可倒裝) 如同...，...亦如是 As + S + V ... 如同...一樣 Like / Unlike + N. ..., S + V ... 如同...一樣 / 不同於...
As you sow, so shall you reap. 一分耕耘，一分收穫。 As women like diamonds, so men love brand-name cars. 男人愛名車，就像女人愛鑽石一樣。
其他比較級的用法
would rather + VR ... than + VR ... = would as soon + VR ... as + VR ... 寧可...也不要... prefer N. / Ving + to N. / Ving 喜歡...勝於... prefer to VR ... 比較喜歡 ...
Like many teenage boys, Mark would rather play basketball under the burning sun than sit in the classroom, listening to the teacher's lecture. 跟許多青少年男孩一樣，Mark寧可在烈日下打籃球也不願坐在教室裡聽老師上課。 I prefer communicating with friends through e-mail to chatting with them on the phone. 我喜歡用電子郵件跟朋友溝通勝過於用電話聊天。
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